HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) continues to be a global health issue, including in Singapore. Knowing how the virus is transmitted, its symptoms, prevention methods, and treatment options is crucial for maintaining your health and preventing its spread.
What is HIV?
HIV is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which are vital in fighting infections. If left untreated, HIV can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), where the immune system is severely damaged, making it harder to fend off infections and diseases. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively manage the virus and prevent its progression to AIDS.
Symptoms of HIV
HIV symptoms can vary from person to person, and many may not experience symptoms for years. Early symptoms, often appearing 2 to 4 weeks after infection, may include:
- Fever: A low-grade or high fever is common in the initial stages.
- Fatigue: Persistent tiredness that doesn’t improve with rest.
- Swollen Lymph Nodes: Particularly in the neck, armpits, and groin.
- Sore Throat and Muscle Aches: General aches similar to flu-like symptoms.
- Rash: A widespread rash can appear during the acute phase of infection.
As the infection progresses without treatment, it weakens the immune system, leading to more severe symptoms, including significant weight loss, prolonged fever, and opportunistic infections such as pneumonia.
How is HIV Transmitted?
HIV is transmitted through contact with certain body fluids from a person who has HIV:
- Unprotected Sexual Contact: The most common mode of transmission is through unprotected sex (vaginal, anal, or oral).
- Sharing Needles: Drug users who share needles or syringes are at high risk.
- Blood Transfusion: Although rare in Singapore due to strict blood screening, transfusion with infected blood can lead to HIV transmission.
- Mother to Child: HIV can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding if preventive measures aren’t taken.
Preventing HIV Transmission
Several strategies can help prevent the transmission of HIV:
- Use Condoms: Consistently using condoms during sexual activity can reduce the risk of transmission.
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): PrEP is a medication taken by HIV-negative individuals to reduce the risk of contracting the virus.
- Do Not Share Needles: Avoid sharing needles or other drug injection equipment.
- Get Tested Regularly: Early detection of HIV helps in managing the virus and preventing transmission to others.
- Mother-to-Child Prevention: Pregnant women with HIV should work with their doctors to reduce the risk of passing the virus to their babies.
Treatment of HIV
While there is no cure for HIV, treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART) can effectively control the virus:
- ART Regimen: ART consists of a combination of HIV medications taken daily. It can reduce the viral load to undetectable levels, preventing the virus from damaging the immune system and reducing the risk of transmission to others.
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring of CD4 counts and viral loads is essential to ensure that treatment is working.
Importance of HIV Testing
Early detection of HIV through testing is key to managing the virus and preventing its spread. Routine testing is recommended for individuals who are sexually active, especially those with multiple partners or those who engage in high-risk behaviors. Free and confidential testing is available at various clinics and hospitals across Singapore.
For expert guidance on HIV prevention, testing, and treatment, consult with Igaku. Our healthcare professionals offer in-person consultations at our clinics or teleconsultations via WhatsApp to help you stay informed and manage your health.
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